Women in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in Islam - Essay Example According to Islam, in the eyes of Allah both men and women are equal. Before we can even begin to argue whether men and women are equal or not, we must define what we mean by equality. For depending on how one looks at it, one can easily argue that equality between men and women does not exist, or vice versa that it does. For instance from a physical and psychological point of view we can claim that the two are not equal. Due to their physical make up, women tend to experience more pain, especially during their menstrual cycles; a kind of pain that a man can never experience. Then generally men tend to be physically stronger then women, and as they grow old are faced with the prospect of balding, something that women rarely have to worry about. Thus if we were to look from this perspective we can claim that men and women cannot considered to be equal. That, "from the Islamic point of view, the question of the equality of men and women is meaningless. It is like discussing the equality of a rose and a jasmine. Each has its own perfume, color, shape and beauty. Men and women are not the same" (Jameelah, 5). However, such a view is ambiguous and misleading, and can be easily taken out of context to make the claim that men are superior to women. In general when we talk about equality, we refer to the rights of the individual, and in that sense Islam does states that both men and women are equal. To elaborate a bit further, "Islam adopts the perspective of gender equality, but it does not endorse the idea of gender equivalency. Islam affirms the difference between the natural dispositions and constitutions of men and women. Women have the ability to bear and nurse children, whereas men do not, so there is a lack of equivalency in regards to the physical and psychological make-up of men and women, but both enjoy rights and bear responsibilities, in which respect they are equal" (Gomaa, 1). The claim that Islam teaches all to treat women with respect and dignity and not to discriminate on the basis of gender, is made by both Gomaa and Jameelah in their articles. However, this point is more clear and more easily understood in 'Gender Equality in Islam', by Gomaa, when compared to 'The Feminist Movement and the Muslim Woman', by Jameelah. The reason for this is not because the topic of Gomaa's piece is about gender equality in Islam, it is because it is more focused, well thought out, when compared to Jamleeah's work. Furthermore, Gomaa provides more credibility to his article by using the Quran as his sole reference. It is common knowledge that the Quran is the most revered book in Islam, since that contains all the teachings of Islam in it. Furthermore, since Muslims also believe that the Quran was written by God himself, and hence a true devout Muslim cannot go against its teaching. If they do then they are not practicing Islam as it was meant to be. It is simply due to this fact that Gomaa has been able to add credibility to his article by using the Quran as his reference. Jameelah on the other hand, does not cite any references at all when she talks about women in Islam. She simply states either Islam says this, or that according to

Democratic Theory Debate Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Theory Debate - Term Paper Example Following being ‘remembered with the intention of polis, politics plus polity; civitas, citizenship in addition to civility; with demos furthermore democracy have ‘ordinary origins, we are supplied with descriptions of righteous Greek citizens augmenting in the agora otherwise the pnyx, severe Roman citizens conscious in the republican council, in addition to ‘European’ citizens getting their contracts in facade of the guildhall. Rousseau: It is not that numerous factual suppose that ‘we’ are fall down from the Greeks or else the Romans, or yet the medieval Europeans in some simple means Nor would a lot of consider that as these chronological period the sense and applications of cities, democracy and citizenship have stayed unaffected. Somewhat, this imagery assemble and incite a made-up ritual: that we are someway inheritors of an occidental custom that is diverse from and better to an oriental one. These pictures after that create not one but t wo civilizations. Bentham: The picture of the righteous citizen is ineluctably connected with the occidental tradition whether it is asked throughout canonical believers for example Locke, St Augustine Cicero, Aristotle, and Marsilius or throughout recounting heroic wars where citizenship merits was exposed. Tom Aquinas: This controversy though, tries neither to account these pictures nor subscribe how they have been built nor recommend methods in which diverse pictures could and should be shaped. These jobs have either been handled somewhere else or are at rest coming up to be handled. Rousseau: Throughout the second semi of the twentieth century we observed a variety of applications that were initially thought as exterior the political, and which collected themselves as comparatively reutilized, tough and effectual policies and knowledge, creating, passing, and introducing political commands and interpreting these commands into assertions for citizenship privileges. Bentham: This deviation and the resulting incongruence amid historical pictures and modern applications were extensively observed and argumentated. Though, two derisory reactions conquered these arguments. First, there are those accounts which understand the deviation and incongruence as refuse or finish and advise rekindling, reinvention and revival. Tom Aquinas: The recent democratic outset of the city that came out in the untimely nineteenth century spoken a fastidious formation of city government, which happens to equivalent simultaneously with democracy and the state. In sagacity, city government was state administration summons little. Rousseau: By affectation the difficulty of overriding cities as city government, that is, while an issue of governability of the state during the city as a bud vase, present communal and political notion frequently recognized democracy plus competence as rival meanings of city government. Bentham: These pictures do not raise the constancy, asset, civism and o bedience of the severe citizen but the subaltern, the additional, various and the uprising. Presently as researchers of current cities for example Holston

Residential property managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Residential property managment - Essay Example The members of a household, namely owners or their representatives and occupants, together manage a real estate enterprise that makes use of inputs of land, capital, and labour for providing shelter and other services essential for maintaining a household. In the early 1930s UK social housing policy underwent a shift as local authorities abandoned general needs housing and the standards were reduced to make the housing affordable by poor families. Nevertheless, â€Å"by the beginning of World War II, Britain had over a million council units, 10 per cent of the entire housing stock† (Malpass and Maurie. 1999, p38- 43). Present case study has to be viewed in this perspective as the buildings block were built in 1930s, which may require major repair and maintenance cost, at the same time may be exacerbated with tenant issues. The tenants of 10 flats, who are under rent controlled occupancy, have to be shifted to a newer better block two miles away. Decanting these occupants may involve many hurdles as there may be occupants from the very beginning and most of them may be legal heirs to the original owners. Because of long stay in the same locality, may be from birth, majority of them will be unwilling to shift their housing locality to a new environment, and it also involves relocating their professional or commercial activities. It may be noticed that in areas which are typified by poor quality housing estates, many of which were developed before 1945, were using non-traditional forms of construction, and decaying infrastructure. Repair and maintenance of these blocks are costly and vacating these buildings is coupled with mixture of tenures caused by the Right to Buy (RTB) power vested on the tenants, which makes demolition/renewal more expensive. Compensating the home owners at full market value for t he loss of their home is also a heavy burden on the developers.

Marketing and International Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Marketing and International Retailing - Essay Example 64), and that certain iue relating to corporate ocial reponibility are placed within the ame trategic context a, for example, pricing and continuity of upply. In the year ahead, retail trategit are likely to focu increaed attention on the election of appropriate partner organization (Wrigley, 1994, pp. 6-7; Lowe and Wrigley, 1996; Morganoky, 1997, p. 369; Martin et al., 1998, p. 14) and put in place appropriate leaderhip model to enure that interaction between individual throughout the partnerhip manifet itelf in buine deciion which in turn reult in a utainable competitive advantage being achieved and maintained. Thi mean that manager need to: A regard cutomer retention in particular, taff in each of the partner organization will in future need to be more pro-active in promoting the concept of cutomer relationhip management, which i underpinned by a clearly defined et of organizational value. A well crafted relationhip marketing trategy will help to enure that long-term, quality-baed relationhip are developed with taff in partner organization throughout the marketing channel (Grant, 1991, p. 45; Juttner and Peck, 1998). The adoption of thi approach will link marketing policy to human reource management policy, and attention will be focued on the co-ordination and flow of information among taff, between function and facilitate, and on the promotion of inter-organizational interaction (Cepede, 1995, pp. 251-2; Platt and Yeung, 2000). Furthermore, retail marketing planner and manager need to adopt a reflective approach to marketing deciion-making, and thi mean engaging more with marketing academic in order that a critical evaluation can be made of marketing policy and trategy related deciion. The reult hould be the development of marketing knowledge. New inight generated can be converted into new theoretical approache (Burton, 2005, p. 11). The outcome hould prove beneficial by advancing marketing theory, linking it to practice, and explaining development in current area of tudy uch a cutomer relationhip management (Baker, 2003). That aid, it i a quetion worthy of cloe conideration whether or not all thi can be achieved without a more holitic appreciation of what marketing intelligence repreent. An anwer will be offered during the coure of the paper. Firt, however, attention will be turned to what contitute a cutomer-driven international trategy, to the matter of developing long-term relationhip, and to the building of long-term partnerhip arrangement. Thee are conidered to be the key factor to be conidered when deviing a retailing trategy. Cutomer-Driven International trategie The focu on international trategy i not intended to exclude conideration of dometic trategy, but rather reflect the reality of twenty-firt century retailing and the focu of many of the other author whoe work i reviewed. That increaingly dynamic buine environment force manager to implement change, poibly through incremental adaptation and, when neceary, experimentation. Marketing manager therefore need to be aware of how intelligence gathered from the external and internal

Aerobic capacity test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aerobic capacity test - Essay Example Maximal oxygen uptake is also known as maximal oxygen consumption, maximal aerobic power, aerobic capacity, or VO2 max. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is a measure of a person's capacity to take in and utilise oxygen during exercise. A subject with a greater VO2 max value will be more likely to sustain high intensity exercise for a longer period. Theoretically, subjects with greater VO2 max values possess greater concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood, thus enabling them to utilise more oxygen during intense exercise (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2001; Mierke, 2003). However, there are several factors that may have an affect on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). These factors include mode of exercise (i.e., treadmill exercise, cycle ergometry, arm crank, swimming, or bench stepping), heredity, gender, age, body size and composition, and state of training (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2001; Mierke, 2003).Aerobic capacity is measured in the laboratory using a graded exercise test du ring which the rate of oxygen uptake is measured continually using sophisticated equipment. A graded exercise test is a test typically administered on a treadmill or cycle ergometer in which the intensity of exercise is increasingly increased. The rate of aerobic metabolism and oxygen uptake increases as intensity of exercise increases up to the point at which the aerobic capacity is reached. At this point, even though the exercise intensity can be increased, the oxygen uptake no longer increases proportionally, and there is a plateau in the relation of the rate of oxygen uptake to work rate (exercise intensity).The rate of oxygen uptake at the plateau is aerobic capacity (Cureton and Plowman, n.d.). The main disadvantage of this type of test is that is technically demanding, requiring costly equipment and highly-trained technicians.Furthermore, it is time consuming; a test requires about 30 minutes and only one subject can be tested at any given time. Thus, the direct measurement of aerobic capacity is not possible or practical for most field settings, such as schools where large numbers of people must be tested (Cureton and Plowman, n.d.). The Bruce Treadmill Test is one of the most popular laboratory treadmill test protocols used in obtaining VO2 max measurements. The test consists of seven 3-minute stages, in which most subjects are able to walk the first three stages. During each stage, a set percent treadmill grade and speed is obtained. During the test, the subjects' breathing and heart rates are monitored through the use of respiratory and metabolic/gas equipment along with heart rate monitors. Subjects' heart rates are recorded every minute while the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) is recorded every three minutes. Validity correlation coefficients of .90 and .91 have been reported between VO2 max and the 12 min run. A lower correlation has been reported between VO2 max and the 1.5 Mile Run (-.74). The test-retest reliability of maximal oxygen consumption tests is high (i.e., .95 - .99) (Mierke, 2003).The main advantage of this test is that it is a direct measurement of maximal oxygen consumption. However, ther e are quite a few disadvantages with this test including degree of difficulty, cost and sensitivity of equipment, and the need for highly-trained te

Iraq War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iraq War - Essay Example charter. As U.S.A and its coalition governments are signatory's to the UN Charter, this move led to the 'Prohibition of Aggression' and hence is considered illegal. By performing such action, the U.S.A totally stained the credibility of the U.N. by diverting from its resolutions. One major concern of the U.S.A and its allies was that Iraq possessed 'weapons of mass destruction' (WMD). This worry was due to Iraq's refusal to allow a UN inspection on its WMD facilities in 1998, in spite of the fact that this was an obligation under the 1991 armistice. This was proved to be wrong much later when enough damage was done. According to a report carried out by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), it was categorically stated that Iraq did not possess any nuclear weapons. However, just the fact that the U.S.A were wrong in believing that Iraq did indeed possess WMDs which could be a potential threat to them shows that why preventative wars are immoral. Another justification for invading Iraq was based on its alleged links with terrorism and Al-Qaeda. This too was an assumption not based on any solid evidence. According to a CIA report it was indicated that the Iraqis had been deliberately avoiding any actions against the U.S. Also, in spite of the then U.S. Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld believed that Iraq was backing international terrorism, according to the State Department's annual study report, there were no serious threats of terrorism by the government of Iraq. If this was the real cause, then countries like Iran and Syria are suspected of doing the same, but they are not the objects of U.S.A.'s invasion threats. The question here is not whether Iraq is directly linked to terrorism or not, but to find out to what extent is it linked to terrorism if at all. The belief that Iraq posed a military threat to U.S had been proved wrong much long ago when it was reported that Iraq neither possessed the launchers for their missiles nor the engine to power them (UNSCOM, 1992). There was absolutely no evidence if Iraq possessed Scud missiles and launchers after the Gulf War. With its neighboring countries like Israel having a much sophisticated defense system in place, Iraq was in no way a military threat. It is also believed that the use of force must have high prospects of success. USA's motive to invade Iraq also aimed at establishing peace in the Middle East. Bush administration on April 9, 2003 stated that there were 30,000 Iraqi casualties, though according to a national survey by The Lancet, there are about 654,965 Iraqi deaths from March 2003 to July 2006. A storm was provoked by the shocking admittance by British Prime Minister Tony Blair that the Iraq war caused by U.S.A was a 'disaster'. Though he said that this disaster was not a cause of some accident in the planning, but due to existence of a deliberate strategy to create a situation in which the minority that supports war overpowers the majority that presses for peace. He went on to say that the violence in Iraq was continually on the rise and led to a disturbed Middle East. According to the former SAS officer Peter Tinley, who played an active role in the devising and execution of the Iraq war plan for Australia publicly stated that the 'nation's involvement had been a strategic and moral blunder.' He went on to say

The Concept of Sex Appeal and Its Influence on the Consumer Essay Example for Free

The Concept of Sex Appeal and Its Influence on the Consumer Essay More complex variables such as confidence and the personal interpretation of the individual’s beauty/attractiveness may give us more insight into the underlying psychological and sociological purchasing patterns of today’s consumer. The first hand research for this topic will be carried out with a questionnaire designed and created by the members of the group and thereafter each part will be worked on and analyzed mutually. Many question why sex appeal is used so frequently in advertising, never becoming an outdated phenomenon of the past like so many other techniques. The study of consumer behaviour is very much connected with the area of psychology. Few people know that when being subjected to advertising they may be influenced on a far greater scale then they could ever imagine. The first aspect which must be taken into consideration is sex. In our current modernized lives where survival is a word used less frequently, many forget about the urges humans have inherited over thousands of years. Abraham Maslow’s diagram of the hierarchy of needs displays the ranking of necessities for human survival, â€Å"The basis of Maslows theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Anon, 2007) It is observed that once a human fulfills a need, he then progresses to the next level to ultimately strive to reach the last level which is self actualization. The first level deals with physiological needs which encompasses breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis, excretions and last but not least, sex. This drive that humans have, which plays a fundamental role in survival, can help justify why marketing experts use sex appeal as a vital part in advertising their products. With this valuable knowledge, advertising professionals are able to reach their target customers on a subconscious level. The use of sex can be compared to shock advertisements such as those in anti-smoking or obesity campaigns. In terms of marketing, all publicity can be beneficial to the company so the main objective is to shock. Kandarp Baxi, the accounts director for Chase advertising states the following about the use of sex appeal; â€Å"There is little that the product is offering that is different from others. When technological differentiation is neither noticeable nor long-lived, you need to improve the intangible experience. Put simply, the attempt is to position them to shock† (Seth, 2005). Studies have shown that sex in advertising can generate feelings of happiness, risk-taking and pleasure all desirable traits for the distributor of the product. During a study at Stanford University, a group of male students were asked to look at revealing sexual images of women and were then given money to gamble with on a random chance game. Either a dollar or a dime could be won, though the chance of winning was always the same. The men who had looked at provocative images were more likely to make greater financial risks then those who were shown neutral images (office supplies) or scary images (snakes and spiders) which generally risked less. Brian Knutson, a psychologist at Stanford expresses â€Å"its all about the power of emotion and arousal and our financial decisions†¦ What really matters is that the sexy woman is having an emotional impact. That bleeds over into your financial decisions. (Borenstein, 2008) I’m sure many have experienced the need to buy when they are unhappy. This materialism is more prominent in consumers with lower self esteem. People that do not feel positively about themselves are generally more insecure and therefore try to fill this emptiness in their lives with products. Sex appeal in advertising can negatively impact the consumer which lacks self confidence as the overly styled images of beautiful and sensual faces act as bait. The more unhappy one is, the more one will depend on products and buyable commodities to ease this self doubt. A study conducted by researchers from the university of Illinois and Minnesota stated that â€Å"By the time children reach early adolescence, and experience a decline in self-esteem, the stage is set for the use of material possessions as a coping strategy for feelings of low self-worth. (Sato, 2007). The article also explains that a lot in terms of societal happiness has changed over the past 50 years, â€Å"Yet as societies become richer, they do not become happier. In fact, the First World has more depression, more alcoholism and more crime than fifty years ago. † Along with the need to earn more to be able to consume more comes a range of problems which use the consumer as their prime target. Compulsive shopping is a disorder continuously affecting insecure consumers. This sickness was discovered by German psychiatrist, Emil Krapelin and is â€Å"characterised by an irresistible urge to buy items that are either unneeded or unwanted†¦most compulsive buyers are young women who spend excessive amounts on clothing, shoes and makeup. † (Andreasen Et. Al, 2006) Here one can identify that these affected have self low esteem as they are purchasing mass amounts of products that have been designed and created to increase the physical appearance of the consumer. It is assumed that between 1. and 2% of our population are affected by this disorder (Day, 1997) University of London psychologist Kevin Gourney found that â€Å"63 per cent of people with a shopping problem went on a spree when they felt depressed† (Day, 1997) When describing why most of compulsive shopping sufferers are women he blamed marketing strategies â€Å"They are also deluged with advertising for clothes, cosmetics and perfumes†. Andreasen. N, Black. D (2006) Intr oductory Textbook of Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Pub. Inc, pp. 360