International businesses look to locate foreign operations in Essay

Global organizations hope to find outside tasks in nations which are steady. Blueprint and basically talk about the standards by which they judge whether a nation is steady - Essay Example All things being equal, worldwide extension is an entangled issue and organizations planning to enter another nation should mull over a great deal factors. They incorporate the monetary and world of politics, the individual qualities and shortcomings of the organization, the chances and dangers seen there, business and advertising techniques, and even the social factors that is curious to a specific area. This paper takes a gander at these variables and will give a point by point audit respect to its significance and pertinence in global extension systems. It will build up a framework by which organizations can evaluate whether a market is appealing and stable. The emphasis will be on two nations to be specific China and Dubai, to give explicit uses of hypothesis and writing on this region. Explicit components impacting universal objective markets: The expansion in globalization and facilitated commerce has now brought about an ever increasing number of organizations hoping to grow to abroad markets. Residential rivalry is another factor the drives these organizations to search for new markets. There are numerous variables (as referenced over) that impact dynamic by organizations concerning which showcase they ought to enter. â€Å"While just a couple of decades back these outer viewpoints were viewed as centring on the nation of origin of the business, the ecological skyline of business has broadened to take in a large group of global powers, which collaborate with national and nearby factors† (Morrison 2002, p 2). Morrison has given an expansive diagram of the elements that impact global business as follows. The association is imagined at the center of the graph which shows the different powers that follow up on it in a residential and universal condition. The extra powers that follow up on it in a universal setting are the country state, district, and world ones. It tends to be seen that monetary, socio/social, lawful, specialized and political powers are regular to both local and worldwide

The Next five years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Next five years - Essay Example As per Mitroff (1995) the utilization of Inductive-Consensual is undemocratic. In this charge, vote based system's key object is to have unlimited conversation of key issues, extreme contentions and discussions by those on rival sides. Popular government becomes distorted when it isn't just mistaken for accord yet decreased to numbers (Mitroff 1995). It ought to likewise be noticed that Inductive-Consensus IS isn't the just one utilizing understanding. Every method of enquiry, IS has an alternate/free definition and idea of understanding. Inductive-Consensus is the main IS that is basically subject to the idea of understanding. As a last point, however understanding and accord are basic in accomplishing ends, they ought not be trusted completely nor considered as the last thought for choosing every single fundamental inquiry. The initial segment of the displaying of Analytic-Deductive IS in human conduct is erroneous. People don't start their investigations into crucial social issues yet rather start with effectively complex sources of info. By and large, all human requests beginning stages are messes. The root word mess implies that each human issue is related and included inseparably with each other human issue (Ackoff 1972). The methodology of separating an unpredictable issue into its different parts doesn't hold for human issues of any significance. As needs be, mess really implies an arrangement of communicating issues as the contributions to any procedure of human critical thinking are unquestionably messes. Argument (Conflict) Argument IS isn't constrained to just issues identified with specialized or business however is pertinent to all issues that human face. This includes the utilization of the argument request framework. Under this, a target result is created because of an extraordinary contention and conversation between two restricting positions. This makes it not quite the same as inductive-consensual request framework that produces understanding before or during an extreme thought. Despite the fact that the Dialectic structure clearly originates from the long and rich history of theory, it isn't immovably a result of it. Persuasion framework is utilized as a device for down to earth choice instead of a theoretical thought. In addition, Dialectic framework fills in as the extension that ties to the contemporary reasoning. Different real factors (Multiple perspectives on issues) Under different real factors, information and realities about an issue are extraordinarily reliant on the model that when taken together will frame an indivisible entirety. Aside from the suspicion of inductive-consensual IS, information from numerous truths are not autonomous or self-sorting out substances. In addition, Multiple Realities don't have the presumption that there is just a single method of characterizing significant issues, which fundamentally isolates it separated from Inductive-Consensual and Analytic-Deductive IS. This framework centers around official (individual) as basic perspective that can't be absolutely formalized because of its reliance on the utilization of shrewdness. The nonappearance of knowledge will bring about framework degeneration into a momentous exercise in babble (Churchman 1982). This is one

The Brave New World of Spec Fic Magazines A Primer

The Brave New World of Spec Fic Magazines A Primer Speculative fiction is a vibrant field with a lot of exciting stuff written by genre veterans as well as up and coming writers. When I first tried dipping my toe into the genre, Ive found myself a little intimidated by all the available titles, not to mention the various mediums where this type of fiction is available. SFF magazines in particular can be a little bit daunting. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America lists 26 magazines that qualify as professional-rated, and that doesnt even consider the scores of semi-pro and non-paying publications. But Im about to hook you up with recommendations for short fiction that are available for free online. Folks who dont enjoy reading using the computer screen can also purchase digital versions (save for one that is completely web-centric) and you can even subscribe digitally or in print form. My advice is to choose one or two publications for browsing, take note of the authors you enjoy, then look up the website to see where else theyve been published. What I tend to do is save the pages using the Pocket app and blaze through them when Im spinning my wheels and I dont feel like reading longer works. Here is my list of tried and true magazines. Many of them focus on certain genres like fantasy, adventure, or horror but in my experience, they dont tend to get too rigid about what is expected of specific categories and have great overall appeal. Tor.com Lets address the giant, unhappy elephant in the room. When I started building this primer early in June, I automatically rounded up some of my favorite short stories published on the Tor website, acquired by keen editors such as Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Ellen Datlow and Anne Vandermeer. I was going to talk about how each story is paired with some of the most arresting artwork in the genre, thanks in large part to the art direction by Irene Gallo. That was before Tor publisher Tom Doherty proceeded to throw Irene Gallo under the bus, succumbing to an extended campaign by so-called Sad Puppies and Rabid Puppies, whose reason for existence is their opposition to the fact that more people of color, LGBTQ+ people, and women are taking up space in the SFF landscape. Rioter Brenna Clark Gray goes more in-depth with this story. This is not the recommendation I had wanted to write. Some who are appalled by these developments are disavowing support for Tor, since it is an institution that would rather appease genre reactionaries than support their own employees who are doing vital work. This is a valid response.  But Tor (both the website and the publishing house) is also home to stories that Irene Gallo and other people like her are working hard to champion, the very voices that the Puppy Industrial Complex are saying should not be recognized by the Hugos or the Nebulas. It is your prerogative to not give Tor any of your money or your clicks, but I urge you to take note of these names, all of whom I first encountered through this publication: The Water That Falls on You from Nowhere by John Chu At turns poignant, hilarious, and heartbreaking, this is a specimen of mundane speculative fiction written by one of the most acute feelings writers in the genre. Anyway: Angie by Daniel José Older A story dripping with attitude, swagger, and some gore, told through the eyes of a bodyguard trying to bury a broken heart in her work. Except that her work involves old loves and supernatural roaches. Thirteen Steps in the Underworld by Su-Yee Lin Im a sucker for a good old Orpheus in the underworld reimagining, and Lin uses a novel format here that highlights the emotional heft of the story. The Devil in America by Kai Ashante Wilson If youre going to try a single story from this recommendation post, make it this one. A harrowing horror story for more reasons than the supernatural ones, centered around an African-American family a few years after the Civil War. Clarkesworld Ive probably read more stories from Clarkesworld than from any other SFF publication. Part of it is because they used to only publish two short stories a month, making it easy to keep up. But even now that theyve expanded to accommodate four stories and several essays, they are still the one magazine that Ill consistently look at. Something about the publications aesthetic really appeals to me in a way thats hard to articulate. Explicit stories are contrasted with whimsical and broody ones, showing you the breadth of possibilities in speculative fiction. A Buyers Guide to Maps of Antarctica by Catherynne M. Valente This is probably in the top five of my favorite short stories of all time. Who wouldve thought an auctioneers catalog could be so riveting? From the Lost Diary of TreeFrog7 by Nnedi Okorafor This story has echoes of the movie Alien, told in a series of journal transcripts. I highly encourage you to try the audio recordings for this one, it adds a lot of tension and depth to the story. Tying Knots by Ken Liu A great (and slightly infuriating) piece of near future science fiction about the things we value and take from people in the margins. 86, 87, 88, 89 by Genevieve Valentine What starts out as a cleanup and archiving effort turns into a disquieting look at how a society can be complicit in its own subjugation. Apex Magazine Blessed Are the Hungry by Victor Fernando R. Ocampo A story about a highly stratified society contained in a starship on its way to a new galaxy. The Rapid Advance of Sorrow by Theodora Goss The Snow Queen retold through the lens of a city succumbing to totalitarianism. Body Language by Mary Robinette Kowal A delightful futuristic crime story involving a puppeteer who inadvertently gets involved in a kidnapping investigation. Strange Horizons Difference of Opinion by Meda Kahn A wrenching SF story positing that even love may not be enough to truly connect. Selkie Stories Are For Losers by Sofia Samatar I find selkie stories creepy yet compelling, and Samatar does a great job dissecting this folk tales implication when it comes to womens agency. LAquilone du Estrellas (Kite of Stars) by Dean Francis Alfar A straight up fantastical story about working for love and the endpoint of journeys. This is the first story that first prompted me to look at short stories published online, and Ive never looked back. Beneath Ceaseless Skies Master Hadjs Sunset Ride by Saladin Ahmed A Western with a tremendous first-person voice, about Muslim bounty hunters encountering the undead. We Were Once of the Sky by Yoseff Lindell Alternate history depicting a society where aliens are living with the human population during the reign of the Black Plague. No Sweeter Art by Tony Pi This is a rollicking adventure story about a wizard that works primarily through the medium of candy. Yup. Lightspeed (Lightspeeds most recent issue is titled Queers Destroy Science Fiction! and if that doesnt make you want to read it, I dont know what to tell you.) ???? (Influence Isolated, Make Peace) by John Chu Another amazing story from John Chu, this time about supersoldiers, game theory, and Go. The Knight of Chain, the Deuce of Stars by Yoon Ha Lee I obviously have a thing for games in a science fiction setting. This one is told with a backdrop of galactic conflict barely explained, told in poetic, achingly abstract language. Herd Immunity by Tananarive Due Just when you think the subgenre of plague apocalypses has nothing more to offer, you get this great story about a woman you cant help but root for. Nightmare Magazine Have You Heard the One About Anamaria Marquez? by Isabel Yap I studied at an all-girls Catholic school in the Philippines, and believe me when I say that Isabel Yap has the setting and the urban legends down pat. Happily there were less hauntings in my high school experience. Ishq by Usman T. Malik Though primarily a horror publication, I really appreciate how Nightmare Mag consistently chooses stories that have stark human emotions at the center of them. This is a prime example. Raphael by Stephen Graham Jones This story has shade of Stephen Kings IT, about a group of friends and the single thoughtless act that devastates them and their families. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy.

Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized...

Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized individual according to a specific disease, age and inadequate amounts of calcium or potassium higher or lower than normal value. Calcium modifications are the results of to low or to high calcium levels. When calcium levels are to low compromises in bone integrity will occur. Adults 50 years of age and older are encouraged to increase calcium intake to help prevent osteoporosis. Patients with thyroid dysfunctions may experience low hormone levels causing low calcium secretion. Kidney disease, liver disease and pancreatitis also decrease the calcium level due to the effects of absorptions of vitamins and minerals in the body. Patients that have a calcium deficiency are encouraged to†¦show more content†¦Patients with renal failure, tissue destruction, adrenal gland disease and certain medication can increase potassium levels in the body. High levels of potassium can lead to cardiac arrest. Potassium rich food should be avo ided until potassium levels return to normal. Medication such as a water pill can be administered to remove excess potassium via the urinary track. High amounts of potassium can lead to life threatening heart changes and intake of potassium should be stopped until potassium is within normal range. Patient experiencing gastrointestinal loss, renal loss, and lake of intake contribute to inadequate amount of potassium. A potassium rich diet will be recommended. Intake is all individualized based on the patient. Food intake is recommended over supplements, and fruits and vegetables are preferred due to the absorption rate. (Dudek, 2010) There is no recommended dietary allowance for potassium intake but experts suggest that potassium intake of 4700mg/day with food. Americans that have a higher consumptions of potassium incorporated in the diet delay and even prevent high blood pressure. Special considerations for African Americans will be to be placed on potassium rich diet do to the high prevalence of hypertension. Salt substitutes tend to very high. Upon calcium and potassium modification each diet will be individualized based on the preexisting conditions. Handouts will be passed out with list of sources of foodShow MoreRelatedCongestive Heart Failure Essay6560 Words   |  27 PagesCongestive Heart Failure Armi Gonzales Western Governors University Congestive Heart Failure A. Investigated Disease Process Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood for the body to function. If the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases, blood and fluids may start to pool into the lungs and accumulate in the legs, ankles, and feet causing an edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue. (Heart Failure, 2015, para. 2) TheRead MoreHeart Failure : A Clinical Syndrome Characterized By Structural Or Functional Impairment Of Ventricular8006 Words   |  33 Pagesprogression of disease) 4 o StageA - At high risk for heart Failure without structural heart disease or symptoms - Hypertension and lipid disorders to be controlled - Obesity, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, and known cardiotoxic agents, should be controlled or avoided o Stage B - Structural heart disease without signs and symptoms of heart failure - In patients with a history of myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction - Preventive medications o Stage C - Structural heart disease with priorRead MoreCase Study Essay33967 Words   |  136 Pagesadmission interview, the nurse makes a list of the medications M.G. took at home. ââ€"   Chart View Nursing Assessment: Medications Taken at Home Enalapril (Vasotec) 5 mg PO bid Pioglitazone (Actos) 45 mg PO every morning Furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg/day PO Potassium chloride 20 mEq/day PO 2. Which of these medications may have contributed to M.G.s heart failure? Explain. Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, may increase the risk of heart failure and should not be used in patients with symptoms of heartRead MoreFactors Affecting Plant Growth And Development7928 Words   |  32 Pagesand biochemical reactions in plant body. Plant phenological change is observable physiological response of plants to several factors such as temperature, water availability, and nutrient level. This phenological change by temperature is obvious according to altitude[442]. The impact of rising temperature due to climate change on phenological change is stronger in high elevation than low elevation[249]. Some researchers estimated phonological change per temperature increase[74], that is, how manyRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 PagesResponsiveness – organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment (long term changes is adaptability) B. 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How Cultured Hippocampal Neurons And Proteins And Rna...

Furthermore, we also found Kif5C O/E increases PSD95 and synaptophysin levels in dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons, which further strengthen our hypothesis that Kif5C plays an important role in synapse formation. Our preliminary data have suggested that knockdown of Kif5C impairs the storage of contextual fear memories. Detailed characterization of the spine and branching phenotype and RNA cargos by electrophysiology and imaging are in progress. These studies will bring novel insights into the mechanisms of memory, synapse signaling and RNA transport. References 1. Willemsen MH, Ba W, Wissink-Lindhout WM, de Brouwer AP, Haas SA, Bienek M, Hu H, Vissers LE, van Bokhoven H, Kalscheuer V, Nadif Kasri N, Kleefstra T. Involvement of the kinesin family members KIF4A and KIF5C in intellectual disability and synaptic function. J Med Genet. 2014, 51(7): 487-94. 2. Liu XA, Kadakkuzha B, Pascal B, Steckler C, Akhmedov K, Yan L, Chalmers M, Puthanveettil SV. New approach to capture and characterize synaptic proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014,111(45): 16154-9. (B): The 2016 Cell Biology of the Neuron†¨Gordon Research Conference in Waterville Valley, NH is devoted to outstanding discoveries in neural development, function, regeneration as well as diseases. Neuronal cell biology has emerged as one of the most exciting and rapidly moving fields in contemporary biology. This field is experiencing a revolution in imaging technology and at the same time, powerful molecular andShow MoreRelatedLncrna Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesis heavily increased, without any significant change in the number of protein coding genes whereas non-coding portion of the genome has substantially undergone change. It is now well accepted fact that on increasing evolutionary levels, majority of the genome gives rise to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that led to the increased biological complexity. By halting the central dogma – the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein, ncRNAs have gained central attention. Recent advancement in the next generationRea d MoreIs The Amyloid Precursor Protein ( App ) Is Long Associated With Alzheimer s Disease?2728 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is long associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is a single-pass transmembrane protein and is responsible for producing the neurotoxic AÃŽ ² plaque which accumulates within the brain (O’Brien et al. 2011). This accumulation of AÃŽ ² is what characterises AD. However, in spite of APP’s detrimental role in the pathogenesis of AD, it has been recently shown that APP can act as a neuroprotective molecule following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Approximately

Forrest Gump Free Essays

Fates Destiny Society has always questioned whether love or death is a matter of choice or fate. Fate is the theory that everything happens just the way it is supposed to happen. It is also the notion that all things and events are predetermined by a higher power. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now In William Shakespeares’ Romeo and Juliet, he writes about a young man named Romeo who falls in love with a woman named Juliet. Romeo’s falling in love with Juliet causes multiple people to die including the two lovers, and he is responsible. He claims that he did not kill those individuals, and that it was fate. He also claims that fortune chose for him to end his life in order to be with his lover. In Eric Roth’s academy award winner Forrest Gump, he writes about a young man named Forrest who grew up in Greenbow, Alabama. Forrest tells his life story to strangers while waiting at a bus stop and how he’s made the best of everything that’s ever happened to him. Roth and Shakespeare both write about how the powerful concept of fate and destiny effect human beings because when Romeo’s wife dies he blames fate and when Forrest Gumps’ wife dies he states everybody has a destiny. We’ve all heard it before; â€Å"It just wasn’t meant to be,† or it was. Although it may be frustrating at times, it depends on what side of the fence you are on. We try to make excuses of why things happen in order to find some reality in these circumstances. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Romeo is the kind of character that is a strong believer in fate. In (3. 1. 11) after Romeo gets married to Juliet he runs into Mercutio, Tybalt (Juliet’s’ cousin), and Benvolio. Mercutio and Tybalt start fighting, Mercutio dies and Romeo is angry with Tybalt and seeks revenge. Romeo kills Tybalt and then says â€Å"O, I am fortune’s fool! † immediately after he kills Tybalt in a duel. This seems to suggest that fate or â€Å"fortune† is responsible for Tybalt’s death, not Romeo. In Eric Roth’s Forrest Gump, Jenny ,Forrest’s best friend at the time, is being chased by her abusive father through the fields. while hiding she prays â€Å"Dear God, make me a bird so I could fly far, far, far away from here. this clearly shows that Jenny believes in fate because saying â€Å"Dear God† is referring to a higher power. Again in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in (5. 1. 24) after the main character ,Romeo, hears the horrible news from Balthasar that Juliet is dead. He cries to the sky â€Å"Is it even so? then I defy you, stars! † meaning that Romeo rejects the stars that have decided to separate Juliet an d him by death. In Forrest Gump while waiting at a bus stop, Forrest says â€Å" momma always used to say life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re gonna get. meaning that life is not controlled by the individual and it is unexpected because a higher power determines someone’s future. It is clear to see that these stories are similar in the sense that both Eric Roth and William Shakespeare use the theme of fate and it’s effects on people. Fate is the choice of a higher power but destiny is the choice of the person who believes in their fate. Both Romeo and Juliet and Forrest and Gump are examples of how fate effects humans. Shakespeare and Roth both write about how powerful the concept of fate and destiny are. When Romeo’s wife dies he blames fate and when Forrest Gumps’ wife dies he talks about how everybody has a destiny. This is relevant to our present day society because many believe in fate. Fate can cause issues in society, because we as humans have not learned how to differentiate between fate and freewill. We have to learn to realize the difference between blaming something on fate and taking the blame for our own faults. If we do not do this every generation will have excuses about how fate got in their way when it was really their free will. How to cite Forrest Gump, Essay examples Forrest Gump Free Essays Alma F. Florendo STUDENT NUMBER:   2009-5226 Fil-Canadian Training Devt. Center for Caregivers- Makati Subject: Special Needs Instructor: Sir. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now JV Vergara Reaction Paper â€Å"Forrest Gump† Based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom, Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film, starring Tom Hanks, Robin Wright Penn,Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field. It is a story of Forrest Gump’s epicjourney through life meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture, and experiencing first-hand historic events of the late 20th century while being largely unaware of their significance, due to his borderline mental retardation. The story started off with Forrest Gump, sitting at a bus stop in Savannah,Georgia, where a feather falls on him. When he picked up and put that feather on a book entitled Curious George, he then starts to tell his story to the woman sitting beside him. During the course of the story, the listeners at the bus stop change regularly where each shows different attitudes towards him, from disbelief and indifference. As the film that we had watched, we learned about his story from childhood to during his time after the war in Vietnam. There, we witnessed his struggles and the struggles of the people around him. First, there is his mother, who taught him many wonderful things and even had sex with the principal of the school just to let Forrest enter the school and be treated equally like any other normal students. During the first day of school Forrest met his very first friend, Jenny Curran, and became best friends with her. Despite having a below level intelligence quotient (IQ), Forrest develops an ability to run at great speed due to his running from bullies from school and this gets him to college through a football scholarship. After his college graduation, he got enlisted to the army and makes friends with a black man named Bubba, who talks nothing but shrimp and even convince Forrest to go into a shrimping business after the war. They were sent to Vietnam where he had saved many members of his platoon including his platoon leader during an ambush and where Bubba was killed in action. He was then awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism. While on recovery from a gunshot wound on his buttocks, his discovers his uncanny ability for ping-pong and even gain popularity and later on competitively play against Chinese teams in ping pong diplomacy. He is subsequent promoted to sergeant and during an anti-war rally held in Washington, D. C. he reunites with Jenny, who has been living a hippie counterculture lifestyle. This is where the film ended and I can say that it has been enough to show us that the disability that Forrest Gump had can be compared to that of an innocent child who has been taught a simple life by his mother. The struggles that he had encountered, especially during the war in Vietnam, can be considered as a hard part of anyone’s life if they we’re on his shoes but Forrest did just wel l in war and did not even considered it as a big thing. There are many lessons that we can learn from his story, not just about how to treat people with disabilities or how they walk on a normal environment, but from the story of Forrest Gump, I had learned how lucky he is to be taught properly and greatly by his mother, on how he handles the people that we saw treating him improperly, and how he goes on with his life without even blaming other people or himself, that he had just accepted who he is and just like what his mother taught him, he is not different and is just like any other normal kids. If only normal people can be just like Forrest Gump, taking the struggles in life as a challenge and not as a problem, that everything that happens is according to God’s plan and that he has a reason for it, just imagine the wonderful things that can happen in one person’s life or even the influence that we can give to other people. How to cite Forrest Gump, Papers Forrest Gump Free Essays The Language Features of Forrest Gump I has chosen Forrest Gump to read, as am big fan of the Oscar-winning movie adapted from the novel. Actually, when we finished reading 10 chapters of the novel, I found that it was a different story, but the book was still a page-turner. In order to make the story clear delivered, the author presents the story in chronological order. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the 10 chapters, Gump retells his adventures through American history, with everything from college football in early years to the Vietnam War and Ping-Pong games In China later in his life. Despite his low IQ and being an Autistic Savant, Gump Is full of wisdom and humor. up to now, what has left us a deep Impression Is the language feature In the novel. Language Is the reflection of a person’s soul and thought. You can tell one’s personality from his speech, so in order to reveal Gump’s traits, the author uses self-mockery and vulgar language in the novel. The informal style properly shows the character’s optimistic attitude toward his mental affliction and his simple view towards life. He never minds calling himself an idiot whenever he has done â€Å"shit† things and he would rather think himself as a â€Å"halfwit† instead of a â€Å"moron†. When the president shook hands with him and asked his feelings, he only said: live gone to Pee. As for Forrest Gump, the language is used to express his real feelings of the body, so it was impossible to say like other members whose answer was â€Å"very proud† or similar words, but he could only realistically spoke â€Å"to Pee. Some of the language and plots may seem shallow to you, but we think the simplicity is the best reflection of Gump’s merits. What’s more, in the narration, the author doesnt use literary language. He has done a lot of spelling and grammar mistakes on propose, wrltlng all the words In the way you would pronounce it. For xample, a sentence goes like,† When I got to try sayin or writin them, it kinda come out like Jello. This special way, though a little hard to read and understand, is more verbal and accordant with the way an idiot savant may acts, thus making the idiotic character more real. Besides the interesting way of writing, we can see a lot of slang, idioms and customary expressions which helps build a truer background. With the smart use of language, the author shapes the leading character vividly, Forrest Gump is far from a novel character, and In fact, he Is more Ilke a genuine man In our life, who is a man of virtues regardless of his low IQ. How to cite Forrest Gump, Papers Forrest Gump Free Essays The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump, a simple Alabama man who travels across the world, sometimes meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture, and experiencing firsthand historic events of the late 20th century. Forrest Gump though at an early age his principal determines young Forrest possesses an IQ of 75, he has endearing character and devotion to his loved ones and duties, which brings him into many life-changing situations. Forrest interprets everything literally. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now He does not understand irony or sarcasm. His thoughts are child-like and innocent. Along the way, he encounters many historical figures and events throughout his life. Physically, Forrest is strong, athletic, and healthy. Since very early childhood he has been classified as â€Å"slow† and this has not changed in adulthood. Despite this, he is able to attend college, and graduate, signifying that he does indeed have some cognitive abilities in the classroom. Emotionally, Forrest does experience emotions such as falling in love, grief, excitement, nervousness, and so on. But, the main character with the mood/anxiety disorder would be his good friend Jenny. Jenny had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) which is a life threatening, debilitating disorder that can break down a sufferer’s body through anxiety and stress. Further it poses a significant suicide risk resulting from the brains neurological imbalance and chemical depression. Sufferers often live in denial, thus this community is aimed at helping PTSD sufferers help themselves through others experiences, guidance and education. As a young girl, Jenny was raised by her abusive dad. As a child, she was sexually abused by her father. As kids, Jenny and Forrest once prayed for God to turn her into a bird so she could fly away from her home. Eventually, however, the police took Jenny away to live with her grandmother, though the abuse she had suffered would stay with her for most of her life. Jenny eventually poses for a picture in Playboy, which gets her expelled from college. She begins playing guitar in the nude as â€Å"Bobbie Dylan† at a strip club and gets fired. Jenny then becomes a hippie and travels the country with friends. Jenny’s life then takes a dark turn into a life of drugs and prostitution. Jenny was incapable of sustaining healthy relationships due to the physical/sexual abuse she endured as a child by her alcoholic father. She reached her lowest point when she nearly jumps from an apartment balcony in a drug-induced haze. Eventually she returns to Alabama to stay with Forrest. Her bad childhood greatly influenced her life, childhood sexual abuse caused post traumatic disorder, the promiscuity was due to the hippie lifestyle and was compounded by sexual abuse from father, then the drugs and fast life style caused by the unresolved pain of her childhood which later results in her trying to commit suicide. By the end of the movie she contracted aids and died. In my opinion because she could never keep a stable sexual relationship. She just didn’t feel worthy of anyone. Jenny did not receive treatment for her disorder, her whole life was a search to find herself to find a place to belong which eventually lead her back to the place she hated the most. While watching this movie you see all the things wrong with Jenny all of her symptoms were consistent. social maladjustments arising from incest are alcoholism, drug addiction, self-injury, prostitution and promiscuity, which are all the things that happened to Jenny, but she never reached out for help until the end when she wanted Forrest to keep her son. How to cite Forrest Gump, Papers Forrest Gump Free Essays Forrest Gump Free Essays â€Å"Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what one you’re going to get†, this is found in the film Forrest Gump. In the film Forrest Gump, Robert Zemeckis (director) positions the audience in a number of ways using Christian/moral discourses throughout the film. The plot is essential to any film or text and has a major role in this film. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now One important and crucial aspect of this film is the Christian/moral themes and messages, both good and bad, such as loyalty and bulling. Other aspect of the film includes dialogue, which Forrest takes literally. Perhaps the strongest theme that impacts the viewer is the plot. Body: The plot or also known as storyline is important in any film or text in a number of ways. There are a lot of aspects that lead us to accept and reject the characters. The plot is a plan or scheme to accomplish some purpose. The film Forrest Gump is about a slow BUT NOT STUPID man whom is involved in all the major events in America’s history. In his life Forrest as been a football star, Vietnam trooper, ping pong athlete and a scrimping boat captain. When we think of our lives are hard and we have no success, we turn and look at forests life. Forrest life is a lot harder than any of ours but still he succeeds. This is the message we get out of the plot. In order to further position the audience, the director uses Christian/moral themes and messages. In Forrest Gump there are a lot of Christian/moral themes and messages, both good and bad. These include bullying, friendship and acceptance, destiny, loyalty and determination. The term themes and messages refer to a subject of discourse. We are positioned to accept the loyalty that Forrest show but reject the bullying that forest encounters. An example of Forrest loyalty is when his platoon is attacked and he saves the life of most of his fellow soldiers. An example of bullying is when he gets s rocks thrown at him whilst running down that road. The themes and messages impact us on high level because they are just like the real world. The director can positively and negatively position the audience by using dialogue. The dialogue and any film or text is important but is the most influential as it is easy to understand. It is used in every film and refers to the conversation between characters. We are positioned to reject negative dialogue and accept positive dialogue. In Forrest Gump dialogue is used in a number of ways. Forrest tends to take dialogue literally. An example of dialogue used in a film is ‘life is like a box of chocolates, you’ll never know what you’re going to get. ’ This refers to how life is uncontrollable and things can happen out of the blue. Forrest believes that however, can be altered by the way you deal with it. Conclusion: Robert zemeckis positions the audience in a number of excellent ways. He uses a number of aspects including: destiny/chance, love/loyalty, acceptance, racism/bullying, symbols and metaphors, cinematic techniques, soundtracks, editing and plot. Robert zemeckis was very successful in producing and selling the film. Due to tom hanks excellent acting and zemecks’s directing the film won 6 Oscars, 32 wins and 38 nominations. Fromm the information given it would be an understatement to say that Zemeckis is a good director. As Forrest would say ‘that‘s I have to say about that. ’ How to cite Forrest Gump, Papers Forrest Gump Free Essays GSM 5301 – COST BEHAVIOUR – FORREST GUMP versus SIVAJI Forrest Gump was one of Paramount’s biggest hit movies of 1994. In 1995 it was nominated for 13 categories of the Oscar awards and it won six including best picture, best director and best actor awards. One analyst estimated that the film could generate as much as $350 million cash flow for Viacom, Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Paramount’ parent company. The film took nine years to make it to the big screen and the script was then thought as unlikely material for a runway hit movie. Films are typically distributed to cinemas under an agreement whereby gross box office receipts are split approximately 50/50 between the cinemas and the movie studio. Based on such an agreement, Paramount had received $191 million in gross box office receipts from the cinemas as of December 31 1994. Paramount reports that the film cost $112 million to produce, including approximately $15. 3 million each paid to Tom Hanks and director Robert Zemeckis, and â€Å"production overhead† of $14. 6 million. This production overhead is charged to the movie at a rate equal to 15% of other production costs. Not included in the $112 million production costs were the following expenses associated with the film. Promotion expenses incurred to advertise, premiere, screen, transport and store the film totaled $67 million at the end of 1994. An additional $6. 7 million ‘advertising overhead charge’ (10% of the $67 million promotion expenses) was charged to the film by Paramount. These charges represent the film’s allocation of the studio’s costs of maintaining an in-house advertising department. Paramount also charged the film a ‘distribution fee’ of 32% of its share of gross box office receipts. This fee is the film’s allocation of the costs incurred by Paramount to maintain its studio-wide distribution services. Finally $6 million interest on the $112 million in production costs was charged to the film by Paramount. Another successful film is Sivaji, the most expensive movie to be made in India, costing US24 million. It was estimated that it raked in US56 million in the first 4 weeks of screening. At Cine Plaza in New Jersey, USA, the premier ticket was priced at US$25 compared to US$9 for a Brad Pitt movie. All tickets were sold out before the show started. Rajini, the star of the show, gets a salary of US$ 4 million plus 40% of total box office receipts. Shankar, the director gets US$672,000, Rahman, the composer gets US$448,000 and Shreya, the actress gets only 1/6 of what Rahman gets. Other expenses of the movies were special effects costs, outdoor shooting in locations outside India and wages of the crew. Questions: 1. Do you agree that both Sivaji and Forrest Gump were an accounting success? 2. In their original contracts, Tom Hanks and director Zemeckis were to receive $7 million and $5 million respectively, from the movie. However, after the studio asked the producers to cut their budgets, both Hanks and Zemeckis agreed to forego their standard fees and in place to receive a % of the films gross box office receipts. It was estimated that this new agreement guaranteed each of the two 8% of the studio’s share of gross box office receipt from the film. Assuming that all costs not specifically identified as variable are fixed, what is the contribution margin of Forrest Gump? 3. If Hanks and Zemeckis had demanded their original fees up front instead of taking a % of gross receipts from box office, would Forrest Gump have made money in 1994? . Other individuals associated with the film signed contracts based on a % of ‘net profits’ rather than gross box office receipts. Net profit is the film’s profit after recouping all of the studio’s expenses. For example, Winston Groom, who wrote the novel on which the film is based, received $350,000 plus 3% of the film’s net pro fit. Eric Roth, the screenwriter, signed a similar contract with a fixed fee plus 5% of the film’s net profit. Based on your calculations above, how much did these two individuals receive from their share of the film’s profit? How much in gross box office receipts will the studio have to receive from cinemas before Groom and Roth receive any money under the profit participation agreement? 5. Based on the contracts in the film making industry, which type of contract would a studio prefer actors, directors and others associated with a film to have? Why? 6. Which type of contract would the actors, directors and others prefer to have? Why? 7. Since producing movies costs a lot of money how can the production costs be reduced in order to enhance the chances of getting a bank loan? How to cite Forrest Gump, Essay examples Forrest Gump Free Essays The movie choose to write about is Forrest Gump. The plot is about a man with a below average intelligence who as a child has to wear leg braces. People treat him different because he has to wear these leg braces. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump or any similar topic only for you Order Now One day while he is being chased his leg braces fall off and he discovers his ability to run very fast. Over the course of his life he goes through many different types of events. As he grows he gets a football scholarship because he can run very fast. After that he joins the army. He meets and befriends a nice man named Bubba.Bubba tells Forrest about the shrimping business at their time in boot camp. Forrest and Bubba get sent to Vietnam. One day while they are walking they are attacked and Forrest saves many men but he is not able to save Bubba. While Forrest is trying to save Bubba he gets shot in the butt. While he was recovering he learned that he can play ping pong very well. He plays for the team that the army has. When he gets discharged from the military a company offers him money to advertise their product. He uses it to buy a shrimp boat. His former Lieutenant joins him. They end up being successful and Forrest’s mother gets sick and dies. Forrest former Lieutenant takes the business over and invests the money. They are then financially well. Forrest goes for a long run one day and is noticed by a girl he met in school named Jenny. He goes to see her and is surprised she has a son that she says is his and she tells Forrest that she is sick. She soon dies and Forrest takes care of their son. The moral lesson of this movie to me is that no matter who you are or where you are from or how smart you are does not mean that you can’t achieve great things. The ethical issue in this story to me was Forrest low intelligence and his leg braces he had to wear. This story influences my ethical decision process because it showed me that we should not judge people on their intelligence or on their physical or mental handicaps. I agree with this lesson all the way because it is a very valuable and in my opinion correct lesson. If everyone treated people how they would want to be treated I feel the world we live on will be a much better place. How to cite Forrest Gump, Papers

Red Bull Report free essay sample

Marketing Analysis of the Most Famous Energy Drink Brand Red Bull? s sources of brand equity. Red Bull is one of the most famous brands in the drink industry. With an innovative product Red Bull was able to sell millions and millions of cans and to draw profits of dizzy amount. But as often it is not only the product which determinates the success or failure of a company. And of this Red Bull is a very good example. Although nowadays Red Bull has to compete with the biggest drink companies in the world (Coca Cola, PepsiCo), it detains in its segment almost everywhere more than 50% market share. It is true that Red Bull was the first large and international energy drink producer, but for their leadership they did and still do a lot of accurate marketing actions in order to preserve and improve their awareness and image and as consequences their position. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Bull Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Like mentioned the marketing actions of Red Bull were very accurate and coherent themselves. Dietrich Mateschitz, the founder of Red Bull, was spending about two years to create the product and their packaging. He conceived an advertising strategy with basically two slogans (â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings† and â€Å"Red Bull revitalizes body and mind†), which are still in the Red Bull ads nowadays. The message of the ads is always the benefit of the product. This red line has been seen from the beginning until today. Red Bull focused a lot of the functional side of the drink. Also because of that Red Bull is practicing a premium price, they argue that it is easier to believe in an efficiency of a product if it is more expensive than their competitors. A lot of marketing actions of Red Bull wants to show people the different use opportunities of their drink. It should not be only a mixer or a clubbing drink. Therefore Red Bull defined 5 potential users: students, drivers, clubbers, business people and sports people. Red bull was able to get in some way mystic. But why? First of all the category of drink (energy drink) was completely new. Then Red Bull has a clever distribution and a new-market-enter concept. First they are available in â€Å"in† bars, discotheques and stores. They sponsored peers to take Red Bull in the public (confiding in the word-of-mouth) and only in a successive moment Red Bull is available in the discount stores, when a lot of people already know it. They call this concept â€Å"seeding program†, that were able to create a wave of buzz around the drink before and the first time of its apparition. Also the only available packaging (cans of 250 ml without reducing the price if taken in great quantity) contributes to the mystification and success of Red Bull. Red Bull is very active in the event and sponsor marketing, taking a lot of attention if this kind of event or sport (sport sman) fits well together with the message of Red Bull as an energetic drink. So the sports are often extreme sports or related to speed (see Formula 1). All this things were contributing and still contribute to the brand equity. The company has always take care a very lot of their image and awareness. So Red Bull is an example of a good, successful and advised marketing. Do these sources change depending on the market or country? The Red Bull global marketing strategy is to use similar techniques everywhere, without differentiating the product or the brand characteristics depending of different countries or different markets. The Red Bull now-famous package is similar everywhere, characterized by the blue and silver small can (250 ml), which allows the company to give a different idea of drink to consumers. In fact this small can signal that the product is different and stronger than traditional soft drinks. The demonstration of the power and success of this can comes from the Red Bull attempt to commercialize a different package for its product. The company developed a glass brown bottle that had to be sold in places where cans were not allowed; it was introduced in Germany when Red Bull was launched in this country, and the quick demand of the product outpaced supply, so the company was forced to sell glass bottles. As soon as glass brown bottles were commercialized, sales fell off. Dietrich Mateschitz, the company founder, wants Red Bull to be drunk by everyone and everywhere; he wants consumers to drink it whenever they need a lift, whether it is morning, noon or night. This is another point of strength of Red Bull marketing strategy, because the company doesn’t define a specific demographic or psychographic segment as its target market. Red Bull doesn’t want to focus on a narrow consumer target, and this ensured to the company to be able to grow into numerous market segments. Moreover Red Bull’s advertising doesn’t specify any consumption occasions, which further facilitated an elastic positioning. In fact, at the beginning, Red Bull consumers in Austria were dancers, clubbers and ravers who used the drink to stay fresh during late-night parties. This was a very good publicity for the company, because this party-association created a significant buzz around the drink. Red Bull was used primarily as a mixer, a strategy allowed from the company useful to make Red Bull to be present in every kind of place and to be drunk in a lot of contests; in fact Norbert Kraihamer, Red Bull’s Group Marketing and Sales Director, said â€Å"We are not against mixing, but over time we must make sure that the product is regarded as much more than a mixer†. The Red Bull intention has always been to communicate to everyone and in every country same concepts, and to do it the company used animated television spots adopted uniformly across the company’s global market. Said Kraihamer: â€Å"Even in a country where they speak a different language, we send the same message using the cartoon†¦. The power of our marketing mix works†. The mot â€Å"Red Bull gives you wiiings† became a well-known sentence in all over the countries where the drink was sold. Usually the company used a â€Å"pre-marketing† strategy to establish awareness in markets where the product were not yet sold. It consisted in sponsoring events that took place in countries where Red Bull was not available, because like Kraihamer said â€Å" we want to be recognized as the pre-eminent brand, even if we are not there†. Only once Red Bull tried to go over his traditional marketing entry strategy and it was a big mistake. It happened when they were introducing the product into the United Kingdom in 1995. In fact, marketing managers wanted to change the idea of â€Å"stimulating† drink in that one of â€Å"energy† drink. It was a failure. In England consumers were very familiar with sport drinks category, dominated from decades by another brand, Lucozade. Management also changed the word-of-mouth strategy which characterized the awareness of the product until then. All preliminary steps were skipped and Red Bull started to be sold in the largest supermarkets and convenience stores, delaying every kind of buzz that has always been the strength of the brand. The last mistake in which UK management incurred was to introduce a new advertising concept; instead of the usual slogan they used a new one: â€Å"Never underestimate what Red Bull can do for you†, which not really clarify what was the company positioning. What is more, they focused advertising efforts on billboards that were not as effective in communicating product’s benefits as electronic media. After necessary changes, between 1997 and 2001 Red Bull was able to gain the 48% of the energy and sports drink market. Another different, but successful marketing entry strategy was applied during the introdu ction of Red Bull into the US market in 1997. The company used the so-called â€Å"cell† approach, consisting in dividing key markets in the country into targeted geographic segments, rather than attempt a nationwide launch. Even if the entry strategy was different from the usual one, Red Bull didn’t change the sources of brand equity that have always dictated the success of the company by giving to all consumers the same idea of what Red Bull drink was, and which were its benefits like functional product. Red Bull’s Marketing Program Analysis in terms of how it contributes to its brand’s equity. When a new product is launched on a market, first thing to do is to choose brand elem ents, identify points of difference and points of parity. Unless we do that, we can’t start thinking about marketing activities and so on. The reason is very simple. Everything must fit each other. The message that we are sending through our marketing program must reflect the desired perception of our product that we want to fix in consumers’ minds. The truth is that marketing communication is the main source of consumer’s knowledge about the product. There can’t be any misunderstandings or contradictions between this and the brand image. In our opinion, in case of Red Bull’s marketing program, everything was carefully planned. It contributed to build strong brand equity. Everything was important: pre-marketing, sponsorship and way of advertising. First of all, they managed to build one scheme of introducing their energy drink, which they copied in each country. It is how they made the product recognizable in every country in the same way with the same associations across the cultures. It also allowed lowering the costs of expanding, because the product did not need additional adaptation to another country. A very important point of their strategy was to make a buzz over the Red Bull energy drink before launching on a new market. People were talking about this drink, wondering what it is exactly, an atmosphere of excitement was created. This marketing trick was increasing brand’s equity. Firstly, the brand was known before entering the market. Secondly consumers were aware of its benefits and unusual ingredient which was kind of mystery. Of course sometimes the rumors were negative, but still everybody was just waiting to try â€Å"this new thing†. Word-of-mouth communication was the key of their marketing program. Slightly controlled, by for example placing empty cans in clubs and pubs to build an illusion of popularity, it helped to build brand equity based on consumers’ own impressions. As they said: â€Å"we do not market the product, we let the consumer discover it†. Thanks to that, Red Bull users are more convinced of the effect that the drink brings, as it seems to come from them-selves and from peers, not â€Å"from the TV screen†. That kind of media is maybe the oldest one, but the most efficient. It does not mean that they completely resigned from advertisements. In fact, TV commercials are still one of the most efficient ways of influencing consumers as they can reach the biggest spectrum of them and they allows for sight, motion and sound and so they stimulate many human senses. Of course Red Bull had some TV spots, but very simple one. A cartoon always based on the same scenario two people, one advising to another lacking the energy to drink Red Bull and the line: â€Å"Red Bull gives you wiiiings†. It could fit consumer of every age. It allowed the brand not to be classified for only one target group. Although these are young people of 14-19 years old, who are the biggest group of buyers, this openness for people of every age brought by marketing program is the point of difference. Other products of the same category are focusing on specific target group or specific occasion of usage. Red Bull case is different. They wanted to make a product for every occasion. And so advertisements where never specifying the proper time of drinking. They were emphasizing the purpose of using – whenever people are mentally or physically fatigue – these were the only two dimensions characterizing a Red Bull consumer. Thanks to that brand equity increased as it better cover the market. Sampling was a crucial part of the Red Bull marketing program. Energetic people conv incing others to try and drink Red Bull at the right time and at the right place – every aspect of a product trial was carefully planned. Thanks to that brand’s equity increases, because people can try the product just â€Å"in time† to see how it works, to feel benefits and so to spread the good word further to friends. The most important thing that contributed the brand equity was their approach to sponsor sport events. By sponsoring individual athletes or international competitions and events, they were showing brand’s involvement in viewer’s country. This pre-marketing strategy helped to establish awareness of the product and good associations with the brand before entering the market. The whole Red Bull marketing program was well-considered. Marketers have chosen various communication options, which shared common meaning but simultaneously were complementary, to build strong and unique brand equity. They did just one mistake during launching the product on the UK market as they thought it differ from another. Fortunately, they realized their mistake very quickly and they took necessary steps to fix the situation. Future Scenarios for Red Bull How to maintain its momentum? How to develop its extension? What would its marketing strategy be? Red Bull, in spite of its premium marketing strategy, will figure lots of new challenges in the future. Even if there have been some mistakes in the direction’s choices, as the launch in the UK or the attempt to commercialize the tea â€Å"Carpe diem†, it’s clear that they have invented not only a new category of food: â€Å"Functional†, but also a very good way to enter in people’s mind, focusing on each costumer. However, there is a question: how to keep this little empire on the top? Now, more than ever, it is important to focus on its core product, as had happened in the first years. The reason for this is simple: too many big competitors on the market as well as small ones. Consequently to this situation, Red Bull has lost a big market share due to others brands attempting to copy Red bull’s marketing strategies to enter the various segments. Another problem is the major cost they have to support for the different advertising campaigns: more than the 30% of the revenues, in spite of the big competitors like Coca Cola and Pepsi that just spend 9% of them. This is a necessary cost, if Red Bull wants to remain a top brand in its sector. Anyway, as we could see from the results, all attempts to launch new products or to try common marketing strategies have failed or didn’t have much success. A good example of that are the â€Å"Carpe diem† tea and eventually the fast-food chain with the homonymous name. The costumers’ awareness has been build trough the years focusing on every â€Å"cell† they got in; now that all this work has been done, they can’t just adopt big brands strategies. They have to continue to keep the image in people’s mind, the one of their first and so innovative product. In these last years, we’ve seen the scarce answer that the market has given to product as â€Å"Red Bull Light† and above all the â€Å"Red Bull Cola†. This last one, even if it has been presented trough the usual channel used by Red Bull, like the â€Å"Red Bull Teams† out of Universities and Colleges, it had no success. It has been for sure a too big challenge for them. They moved too much from their border this time; it is the reason why in many European Countries the product has not even been launched. It means they’re very scared of the present situation since the big competitors are taking more and more shares of Red Bull’s market. If they want to try to move in new sectors or to create a new product for different segments, they should create other brands. In the present situation they’re giving an image of dispersion, just losing more space without any profit. On the other hand, the evolution of its marketing strategy being a sponsor of extreme and high-speed sports and also the decision to buy a soccer team and to create a F1 team, makes us understand that its basic values are still the same. We can see how it sponsors athletes, who are the best in their ranges, even if their sports are still not so famous, or are not given any particular recognition to. Thanks to that, in the future, Red Bull will have best champions in new, very fashion and extreme sports. To be remembered, the Red Bull project to develop an air team; this requires a lot of money, but gives an enormo us payback in awareness and image. The brand is also very good in creating new events and contests, so to give them a very personal mark. These are the best occasions to strengthen again the relations with its core classes of costumers, like sportsmen and clubbers. At the end, we can say that Red Bull is still doing a really good job thanks to its creativity and fantasy, but it should take care not to get confused and disoriented because of many competitors trying to take its place. Stay focus and remember not to mix new and old challenges. That is the only way to get into the worldwide trade and extension.

As I Stand Here Ironing essays

As I Stand Here Ironing essays I Stand Here Ironing: Essay In this story, it was obvious that Emilys mother did not take on her responsibilities of being a mother as well as she should have. Many factors of how Emily was raised contributed to her actions and attitude, for example the treatment she was given by her mother. However, her mother was not the only blame for her daughters situation, Emilys father was too. He walked out on Emily and her mother when she was born saying he could no longer endure sharing the want with us in a good-bye note he wrote. Therefore, Emily didnt have a father figure throughout her life. Emily and her mother had to both suffer for how she was raised. Emily sometimes had to starve because her mother had no job, therefore she had no money. At other times, Emily would have to stay at home alone while her mother either worked or stayed out at night with her husband. Due to Emilys mother not being able to manage food and care for her, Emily was sent to a home where she would be taken care of. This incident may have affected Emily also. For at this shelter, parents could not come in physical contact, such as holding, hugging, or kissing, with their kids, which affected Emily more because when she returned home she would barely let her mother hold her or show any type of affection. Another factor that may have affected Emily when growing up was her mother tossing her between different people. When Emily was younger she was sent to live with her father while her mother attempted to make money. By the time she came back she had to start nursery school where I believe she didnt enjoy attending, which her mother assumed because of her own thoughts of how a nursery school teacher treated the children. Emily would always try to find an excuse to stay home from school. When Emilys mother would work, she would sometimes leave he ...

Outer Circle - Definition and Examples - World English

Outer Circle s - World English The outer circle is made up of post-colonial countries in which English, though not the mother tongue, has for a significant period of time played an important role in education, governance, and popular culture. Countries in the outer circle include India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, and more than 50 other nations. Low Ee  Ling  and Adam Brown describe the outer circle as those countries in the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings[,] . . . where English has become institutionalized or has become part of the countrys chief institutions (English in Singapore, 2005).   The outer circle is one of the three concentric circles of World English described by linguist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985).   The labels inner, outer, and expanding  circles represent the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition, and the functional allocation of the English language in diverse cultural contexts.  As discussed below, these labels remain controversial. Explanations of Outer Circle English In the Inner Circle, English spread largely because of a migration of English speakers. In time each settlement developed its own national variety. On the other hand, the spread of English in the Outer Circle has occurred largely as a result of colonization by English-speaking nations. Here, two major types of linguistic development occurred. In some countries like Nigeria and India, where under colonial powers it developed as an elite second language, only a minority of the society acquired English. However, in other countries like Barbados and Jamaica, the slave trade had a significant impact on the variety of English spoken, resulting in the development of English-based pidgins and creoles.(Sandra Lee McKay, Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2002)The Outer Circle may be thought of as country contexts where English was first introduced as a colonial language for administrative purposes. . . . English is used in these countries for intra-country purposes. In addition to Outer Circle, terms frequently used to describe the manner in which English has evolved in these settings include institutionalized and nativized. In these countries, a variety of English has evolved which possesses the common core characteristics of Inner Circle varieties of English, but in addition can be distinguished from them by particular lexical, phonological, pragmatic, and morphosyntactic innovations.(Kimberly Brown, World Englishes:  To Teach or Not to Teach. World Englishes, ed. by   Kingsley Bolton and Braj B. Kachru. Routledge, 2006) Problems With the World Englishes Model Considering the history of the emancipation of various Englishes around the globe, it is obvious that the groundbreaking work emanated from and has been essentially focused on the Outer Circle. But it has been an uphill struggle. Even today, what is often termed international by Inner Circle scholars, publishers, etc. is often simply interpreted as the international spread of native-speaker Standard English (a minority variety in itself) rather than the way English has changed to meet international needs.(Barbara Seidlhofer, World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca: Two Frameworks or One? World EnglishesProblems, Properties and Prospects, ed. by Thomas Hoffmann and Lucia Siebers. John Benjamins, 2009)As a large number speakers from the Outer-Circle and Expanding-Circle countries now live in the Inner-Circle countries, even native speakers of English are increasingly exposed to World Englishes. This means revising the notion of proficiency even for the English of native speakers . Canagarajah (2006: 233) maintains that, in a context where we have to constantly shuffle between different varieties [of English] and communities, proficiency becomes complex . . . one needs the capacity to negotiate diverse varieties to facilitate communication.(Farzad Sharifian, English as an International Language: An Overview. English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues, ed. by F. Sharifian. Multilingual Matters, 2009) Also Known As: extended circle

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Relations - Essay Example After the death of Muhammad the Muslims named their leaders Caliphs. Caliph means the deputy messenger of Allah. Between 632 to 750 A. D, the Muslims had conquered of the known world. They controlled North Africa to India and western China. They reached into Europe to Spain and France. During the dark ages in Europe, Islam claimed many first in medicine. For example, they first time uses anesthesia in surgery. (Vertovec, and Peach, 1997, 44) In the same way, the Muslims introduced cauterization of wounds for the first time. Besides this, the Muslims discovered first among others that epidemics are caused by contagion through touch and air. As far as health services are concerned, there are also traces that prove that first ambulatory hospitals were introduced by the Muslims. These hospitals were carried on camel's backs. First time, the Muslims introduced prescription, and thus the separation of pharmacology from medicine. Islam is growing very fast in all five continents. There are over 1.2 billion Muslims today. They represent 22% of the world's population. And Christianity is 33% of the population in the world, at the rate that Islam is growing is expected to become the most popular religion in the globe in 2023. Islam is growing at the rate of 2.9% per year. (Al Sayyad, et. al. 2002, 56) Islam has multidimensional effects on Europe which changed Europe in all respects. The gigantic change was introduced in Spain while the Muslims were ruling this part of Europe. (Rath, and Buijs, 2003, 66) It remained the pioneer for all types of changes in Europe. Socially, Muslims have had a profound affect on Europe. The Muslims brought with them much of their lifestyle, such as their art. They resurrected mosques and unique types of architecture two these two continents. The most noticeable architectural influence was the introduction of the dome, pillar, and minaret. Furthermore, Muslims influenced African and European art through their geometric designs. Islam believe s that depicting human figures in art is idolatrous, so they only used geometric designs. (Haddad, 2002, 13) Thus, they changed the traditional art forms to their new modern ones. Additionally, Islam also changed the daily life of Europeans. Men could now have four wives at any given time instead of just one. New laws were also created about marriage and several other issues. For example, divorces had several set regulations on the ability to remarry. Women would have to wait several months after the divorce in order to relax and determine the paternity of the child if a pregnancy were involved. Finally, the social scale was destroyed as a result of the incorporation of Islam into one's daily life, for the Koran preaches that everyone is of the same value and status level. The Koran also improved the economy and way of thought, for everyone gave to the poor and thus prevented a depression. Muslims has also influenced European scientific thought and knowledge. First of all, the Musli ms made great strides in astronomy. They created the astrolabe, which measured distances and determined the circumference of the earth. They also invented the sextant, which allowed one to navigate and determine their precise location just by looking at the stars. (Hiro, 1989, 209) Furthermore, mathematically, Muslims introduced geometry and algebra. This tremendously increased mathematical thought, for problems were now easy to solve using the newfound knowledge. Intriguingly, they also

Consumer Behaviour on Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Behaviour on Facebook - Essay Example The case study described clearly demonstrated the way people buy things have undergone major transition. The consumer buying behaviours have changed dramatically with the advent of the Social commerce. The case study also described about the major players, who contributed significantly in the social commerce business. The strategy followed by ‘Groupon’ that offered heavy discount on different products was a success. The inculcation of global e-commerce led to the evolution of new infrastructure in the business world. Merchandising was believed to be the key difference between old e-commerce and the new method of selling with the help of internet. The Consumer behaviour is believed to be the most important concept of marketing. The organization’s success and failure can be determined with the help of identifying the behaviours and attitude of its consumers towards the company’s product. Today E-commerce is considered to be the most important and significant evolution in the business world. The e-commerce is represented in terms of social commerce, which is believed to be the subset of e-commerce. The main function of social commerce is to facilitate the online business activities without the requirement of any hard shape structure of the business. In the new world of technology and efficiency, social networking is becoming the necessity of life for the internet users. The reason is that the social networking helps the people to interact among one another, anywhere in the world. The concept of social networking was inculcated by yahoo in 2005 (Warner, 2011, p. 439). The major reason for such inculcation was the introduction of the more convenient way of shopping. The concept of social commerce or social networking began with the co-operative movements that led to the creation of â€Å"Peoples Supermarket† movement (Clapperton, 2012). The idea behind the encouragement of â€Å"Peoples Supermarket† movement was to gather the smart entrepreneurs to make money with small start-up capital. With the passage of time, the concept of social commerce began dominating the traditional suppliers of the products. The conglomerate of large entrepreneurs, who entered in the field of social commerce, followed the strategy of ploughing back the profit into the business to offer the online products at more affordable prices (Marsden, 2012). The buyers or consumers of the products, when found the products more easily accessible and even at more affordable prices, their preferences tilted more towards the online products. The successful capturing of consumer market has now made the companies like Facebook & Google the big business giants across the world, with the net worth in billions of dollars (Dobinick, 2012, p.107). The major change that can be observed with the introduction of the concepts such as social media and social commerce, the customers can find the opportunity to directly communicate with the producers of the products. The increase in interaction between the producer and the end consumer has made

Tourism as a boost to economic growth in African countries; the case of Cameroon

Tourism as a boost to economic growth in African countries; the case of Cameroon ABSTRACT Tourism is viewed worldwide as a strategy to bring in foreign currency through the show casing of local goods, works of arts and cultures ranging from food to dressing. This also obtains in Africa and Cameroon in particular. Tourism is seen as a major source of income for the government and offers employment opportunities to thousands of its citizens. Cameroon is described as Africa in miniature probably because of its rich touristic potentials. This paper will therefore focus on the development of touristic potentials in Cameroon, public perception of tourism, the management of revenue from tourism and the overall economic gains it provides to the country. Introduction Cameroon is a Central African nation on the Gulf of Guinea, bordered by Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Cameroons estimated 250 ethnic groups form five large regional-cultural groups: western highlanders (or grassfielders), including the Bamileke, Bamoun, and many smaller entities in the northwest (est. 38% of population); coastal tropical forest peoples, including the Bassa, Douala, and many smaller entities in the Southwest (12%); southern tropical forest peoples, including the Ewondo, Bulu, and Fang (all Beti subgroups), Maka and Pygmies (officially called Bakas) (18%); predominantly Islamic peoples of the northern semi-arid regions (the Sahel) and central highlands, including the Fulani, also known as Peuhl in French (14%); and the Kirdi, non-Islamic or recently Islamic peoples of the northern desert and central highlands (18%). The people concentrated in the Southwest and Northwest regionsaround Buea and Bamendause standard English and pidgin, as well as their local languages. In the three northern regions Adamawa, North, and Far NorthFrench and Fulfulde, the language of the Fulani, are widely spoken. Elsewhere, French is the principal language, although pidgin and some local languages such as Ewondo, the dialect of a Beti clan from the Yaounde area, also is widely spoken. Although Yaounde is Cameroons administrative capital, Douala is the largest and the economic capital with the main seaport, and main industrial and commercial centers. The western highlands are amongst the most fertile regions in Cameroon and have a relatively healthy environment in higher altitudes. This region is densely populated and has intensive agriculture, commerce, cohesive communities, and historical emigration pressures. From here, the Bantu migrations into eastern, southern, and central Africa are believed to have originated about 2,000 years ago. Bamileke people from this area have in recent years migrated to towns elsewhere in Cameroon, such as the coastal regions, where they form much of the business community. About 20,000 non-Africans, including more than 6,000 French and 2,400 U. S. citizens, reside in Cameroon. HISTORY The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were probably the Bakas (Pygmies). They still inhabit the forests of the South and East regions. During the late 1770s and early 1800s, the Fulani, a pastoral Islamic people of the western Sahel, conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants. Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroons coast in the 1500s, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available. The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network. The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-19th century. Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life. Beginning in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the German colony of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this colony was partitioned between Britain and France under a June 28, 1919 League of Nations mandate. France gained the larger geographical share, transferred outlying regions to neighbo ring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaounde. Britains territorya strip bordering Nigeria from the sea to Lake Chad, with an equal populationwas ruled from Lagos. In 1955, the outlawed Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based largely among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic groups, began an armed struggle for independence in French Cameroon. This rebellion continued, with diminishing intensity, even after independence. Estimates of deaths from this conflict vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. French Cameroon achieved independence in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the largely Muslim northern two-thirds of British Cameroon voted to join Nigeria; the largely Christian southern third voted to join with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The formerly French and British regions each maintained substantial autonomy. Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-educated Fulani, was chosen President of the federation in 1961. Ahidjo, relying on a pervasive internal security apparatus, outlawed all political parties but his own in 1966. He successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state. Ahidjo resigned as President in 1982 and was constitutionally succeeded by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a career official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic group. Ahidjo later regretted his choice of successors, but his supporters failed to overthrow Biya in a 1984 coup attempt. Biya won single-candidate elections in 1984 and 1988 and flawed multiparty elections in 1992, 1997, and 2004. His Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement (CPDM) party holds a sizeable majority in the legislature following 2007 elections153 deputies out of a total of 180. ECONOMY Cameroon is endowed with an abundance of natural resources, including in the agricultural, mining, forestry, oil and gas sectors. Cameroon is the commercial and economic leader in the CEMAC sub-region, although regional trade, especially with Nigeria, remains under-realized. Cameroons economy is highly dependent on commodity exports, and swings in world prices strongly affect its growth. Cameroons economic development has been impeded by economic mismanagement, pervasive corruption, and a challenging business environment (for local and foreign investors). Cameroon remains one of the lowest-ranked economies on the World Banks annual Doing Business and similar surveys and regularly ranks among the most corrupt countries in the world. Over the last 3 years, GDP growth has averaged around 2%-3%, which is roughly on par with population growth but not enough to significantly reduce high poverty levels. Despite boasting a higher GDP per capita than either Senegal or Ghana, Cameroon lags behind these two countries in important socio-economic indicators, including health and education. The government has professed a determination to foster urgent economic growth and job creation, and there is a decided uptick in interest in the mining sector and infrastructure de velopment. For a quarter-century following independence, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous countries in Africa. The drop in commodity prices for its principal exportsoil, cocoa, coffee, and cottonin the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued currency and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long recession. Real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal deficits widened, and foreign debt grew. The government embarked upon a series of economic reform programs supported by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) beginning in the late 1980s. Many of these measures have been painful, including the governments slashing of civil service salaries by 50% in 1993. The CFA francthe common currency of Cameroon and 13 other African stateswas devalued by 50% in January 1994. The conjunction of these two events meant an overall drop in purchasing power of nearly 65%. The government failed to meet the conditions of the first four IMF programs. A 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) approved by the IMF in October 2005 ended in 2008. Cameroon has not negotiated any new IMF program but is continuing cooperation with the Fund under Article IV consultations. In 2009, the IMF disbursed $144 million to Cameroon under its Exogenous Shocks Facility to help with the effects of the global economic crisis. Official statistics for 2009 had inflation at 5.3%, indicating a weakening of Cameroonians spending power. Public frustration over rising prices was partly to blame for an outbreak of social unrest and violence in many Cameroonian cities in February 2008. In March 2008, the government announced a reduction in food import tariffs and other measures designed to reduce the cost of basic commodities. The global economic crisis has seriously impacted Cameroons oil, cotton, timber, and rubber sectors, depressing exports, growth, and overall consumption. The government has made halting progress on its privatization program. The National Water Utility Corporation (SNEC) was split into two entities. CAMWATERto handle infrastructureremains in government hands, and a reformed SNEC is now owned by a consortium led by Moroccan Water Utility. Plans to privatize the national air company CAMAIR and national telecom CAMTEL, however, have repeatedly faltered because of political sensitivities and concerns about corruption. CAMAIR was declared officially defunct and ceased to operate in May 2008; its replacement, CAMAIR-CO, has announced its intention to commence flights in early 2012. CAMTEL remains under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. The European Union is Cameroons main trading bloc, accounting for 36.6% of total imports and 66.1% of exports. France is Cameroons main trading partner, but the United States is the leading investor in Cameroon (largely through the Chad-Cameroon pipeline and energy provider AES Sonel). According to press reports, China recently became the number one importer of Cameroonian exports, especially unprocessed timber. The map of Cameroon Cameroon Geography The climate of Cameroon is mainly tropical along the coast but it is hot in the north. The land of the country is diverse, starting form the coastal plain to mountains, plateau to plains. Volcanic activity from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes often take place. The natural resources of this country are iron ore, timber, bauxite, hydropower and petroleum. The agricultural products of Cameroon are coffee, bananas, cocoa, cotton, oilseed, grains, livestock, rubber and root starches. Geography of Cameroon reveals that deforestation, poaching, overfishing, overgrazing are becoming environmental issues currently. In Cameroon the southern part has got two dry seasons from November to March and June to August. The climate of the northern part is comparatively comfortable. The temperature varies from 23 degree to 26 degree C. This central plateau receives 150 cm to 60 cm rainfall a year. The dry season of this region continues from October to March. Tourism in Cameroon Tourism in Cameroon is a growing but relatively minor industry. Since the 1970s, the government of Cameroon has cultivated the industry by creating a ministry of tourism, encouraging investment by airlines, hotels, and travel agencies. Many hotels, restaurants and guesthouses have grown over the years to offer good accommodation facilities to the tourists, as such more cameroonians are being employed. All of Africa in a single Country. This is a slogan of inspiration for all those who visit Cameroon and especially for expserts in Cameroons Ministry of Tourism. This country offers all major characteristics that can be found in other countries in Africa: a highly diverse cultural background found in more than 200 ethnic groups, an exceptional geological, ecological and botanic potential, wildlife in its natural form and varied climatic conditions. This is the main reason why tourism is ranked 10th top priority of the President and his collaborators. The objective is to make Cameroon a leading tourist destination. The number of tourists coming to Cameroon increased from 200 000 in 2001 to about 300 000 in 2003 and this figure has steadily increased over the years. The objective in 2003 was to attain 500 000 visitors. Cameroon has more than 200 ethnic groups with over 233 languages spoken and a diversity of cultural activities. There are also ecotourist potentials that can be developed from North to south and from East to West thanks to the highly contrasting landscape. Mountaineering and tourism on mountains can also be practiced on the mountain ranges that are found all over the country. Safari can also be practiced by visiting the multitude of National parks which contain a diversity of mammals, birds and other beasts. Henceforth a safari could be a visit to Waza to watch animals, then back to the Northern parks like that of Bouba Ndjidah, or Korup in the south and the Dja national patrimony to admire the riches of nature. The some what median position of Cameroon in Africa makes it really summarize a good number of characteristics of the continent, causing some people refer to it as Africa in miniature. From the green dense south dominated by the Equatorial forest, there is a gradual change towards a low green savannah and steppe towards the north. The Western section of the country is dominated by a high relief, also dominated by savannah meanwhile the littoral section of the country has an extensive coastline marked by grayish yellow fine sands. There are also interesting aspects of the landscape marked by attractive sites, traditions and people. All these have led to different types of tourism which are practiced through out the year depending on the seasons. Cameroon has a good site for sea and beach loving visitors, with about 400 km of the Atlantic coast stretching along part of the country. Kribi and Limbe towns are the highest points of attraction for tourism on the coast. From these coasts, tourists can also carry out inland tourism to other destinations. In Kribi, there is an excellent beach of white sand extending over a large area with coconut trees from time to time appearing on the scenery. The contact between the Ocean and the sea is also an extraordinary site to see. Another wonder of Kribi is found in the south where a number of cascades of about 30 m high have given rise to waterfalls, the most spectacular being the Lobe fall which issues out directly into the Atlantic Ocean. A little bit above this area are fishing villages; Ebounja and Ebodje in which the activity is believed to be carried out miraculously. From Lobe, further visits on boats and canoes will take you to the discovery of the Pygmies of the equatorial Forest . The Limbe region is close to Douala and has a splendid site marked by the mount Cameroon which dominates the Atlantic region of Cameroon. The road linking the coast to Douala passes along magnificient plantations of rubber, palms and bananas. The geology of the coastal area is generally characterized by a large expanse of grey sand. Also thanks to the geographic situation Cameroon, there is a high diversity of most fauna and flora species found in Africa, with some that can only be found in Cameroon. There are presently nine national parks serving as a safe haven for wildlife in its natural state. This are areas of safari in which visitors can observe, take photos and feel the presence of animals in nature. The Waza National Park is the most popular in Cameroon and one of the most spectacular in francophone black Africa. It is located in the Far North Region and is a paradise for lions and numerous mammals like giraffes, elephants, cheetahs, leopards etc as well as a great colony of diverse bird species. The Bouba Ndjidah National park is a territory for rhinoceros. There are equally lions, elephants, buffaloes amongst others found here. The Benue National Park is at the heart of the northern region and it is a region with the largest antelopes, hippopotamus, hyenas, panthers, buffaloes etc. The Faro National park has a large number of animals amongst which are: buffaloes, rhinoceros, elephants, giraffes etc. The Kalamaloue National Park has elephants, crocodiles and a multitude of birds. The Mozogo Gokoro National park is of high botanical interest, and therefore a good site for research. The Korup national park located in the southern part of the country and has one of the oldest and most beautiful tropical forests in the world. Besides National parks, Cameroon also has a good number of reserves and sanctuaries such as that of Dja and Campo which are great gorilla sanctuaries. Cameroon is also endowed with a rich cultural diversity manifested by a rich and diverse folklore, arts, habitats and ways of life. Every region has a particular folklore and music. In the south there is the Bafia dance, Bekutsi, assiko and others that are very much loved by poets and visitors to the region. In the West, there is the Bamaleke dance, dominated by masked people dancing in very attractive and picturesque costumes. The north is a whole country of fantasia, marked by decorated horsemen in painted costumes, carrying and blowing long trumpets. Handicrafts and arts are made through out the country but the West and Northern parts of the country are leaders in the sector. Bafoussam, Foumban and Bamenda are towns that are noted for their masks, decorated costumes, chairs created in the form of thrones, pipes, sculptures and statues. In Maroua, there is an attractive multicolored market of decorated table cloths, locally tanned leather sleepers, bags and wallets of crocodile, snake or iguana skins, bracelets, hand-made carpets and decorative objects in general. There is also a rich historical patrimony in this region marked by monuments and antiquities as well as very ancient traditional palaces. Cameroon also has abundant potentials for ecotourism; four sites can be visited in this respect like: the Dja reserve, the Korup National Park, the Limbe botanical garden and the Ebodje village. The Limbe botanical garden was created in 1892 by a German horticulturalist in a bid to cultivate certain crops which were not adapted to the climate of Cameroon. Limbe is situated in the South West, beside the Atlantic Ocean. Several small tracks were created in this garden to facilitate easy access by visitors who come there to admire the natural wonders and biodiversity of the site. A jungle village was created at the centre of the garden for cultural manifestations. It is also a centre for international research on biodiversity. Ebodje is a fishing village also located at the borders of the Atlantic Ocean some 50 km from Kribi. Its beautiful beaches are a good site for lovers who can take on excursions in boats organized by fishermen. Ebodje is also a regional site for the protection of marine turtles. The Dja reserve is a world Heritage site declared y UNESCO since 1987. It is located in the south and has the richest natural fauna and flora biodiversity. It has over 1500 animal species amongst which are elephants, gorillas and chimpanzees, more than 107 mammals and a large biodiversity of birds estimated at over 320 bird species. The Korup National park falls amongst one of the oldest Tropical rainforests in the world. Fauna riches in this park can be explained by the fact that this area was not totally cleared off during the last ice age. Its fauna is comprised of more than 400 bird species, 140 fish species, numerous mammals and primates. More than 400 flora species have been identified in this area, with numerous medicinal plants. In terms of ecotourism, the presence of 250 fossilized dinosaur footprints at Manangia (Mayo Rey) are also be an attraction, not forgetting the mount Cameroon with its impressive height of 4070m. It is an active volcano, having a number of small rivers crisscrossing its slopes, some falling as rapids or waterfalls. To the north, the Mount Mandara and the sunny landscapes of the Kapsiki present beautiful sceneries. This area is inhabited by isolated human groups of people who are animists and live totally preserved from the influence of modern civilizations. An example is the Koma people on the Mount Atlantika. Within the confines of the boundary from the South west coasts of the Atlantic towards the interior, there is a vast expanse of forest vegetation that is cut across in several areas by rivers. There are equally towns and especially villages isolated in some areas; having traditions that have long existed and keep on passing from generation to generation. Some of these villages are good camping sites. The north has distinct vegetation from the south; there is a visible change from dense forests in the south to a savannah landscape in the north. This begins with a vast expanse of lowland prairies on the Adamawa plateau (grazing zone) towards the north between Maroua and Kousseri on immense dry plains which tend to be dominated by a Sahel steppe vegetation. Culturally, annual traditional festivals are often organized in different areas of the country; these are opportunities of seeing different traditional dances and costumes. Examples are: the Ngondo of the coastal people, funerals of the Western people, the Ngoun of the Bamoun People which has become very popular and the Nyem-Nyem festival in the Adamawa. Big towns like Yaoundà © and Douala with their immense infrastructure of hotels, banks, conference halls and hotels are favorable sites for international conferences and business. There are also several possibilities of carrying out leisure activities like golf clubs, night clubs, bars, theatre halls and swimming pools. There are more than 50 travel agencies that are specialized in organizing tours and taking tourists to different locations; ensuring their security, nice stay and safe return. Cameroon also has three international airports that regularly serve international flights. There are equally internal flights to the nine secondary airports found in different locations. There is equally a good road network that links the major towns and provincial capitals as well as principal tourist sites in the country. A railway line runs from the south to the north, moving from Douala to Yaounde and finally to Ngaoundere. Cameroon is an ideal tourist destination in Africa and has a good record of security. The population is very welcoming to strangers and has much to offer in terms of culture, arts and behaviors. A visit to Cameroon could be equated to visiting the whole African Continent in summary. It is therefore not wrong to refer to this country as Africa in miniature. Pic 1: Tourist climbing mt, Cameroon South West Region Pic 2: elephants in Waza Park in the Far North Region Pic 3: Palace of the Sultan of the Foumban people in the Western Region Foumban or Fumban is a city in Cameroon, lying north east of Bafoussam. It has a population of 83,522 (at the 2005 Census). It is a major town for the Bamoun people and is home to a museum of traditional arts and culture. There is also a market and a craft centre, while Foumban Royal Palace contains a museum with information on Ibrahim Njoya who invented a new religion and the Shumom alphabet. Pic 4: A Bamun artisan in Foumban Though touristy, Foumban is one of Cameroons major attractions and an important centre of traditional African art. Its jewel is the Palais Royal, seat of power for the Bamoun people. The ruler of the Bamoun is known as the sultan, and the Bamoun can trace the lineage of their sultan back to 1394. The palace, completed in 1917, resembles a medieval chateau. It houses the Sultans Museum, which contains a multitude of royal gowns, arms, musical instruments, statues, jewellery, masks and colourful bead-covered thrones carved in the shapes of the men who sat on them. A few hundred metres south of the palace is the Musà ©e des Arts et des Traditions Bamoun. This extensive collection has exhibits on Bamoun history and art, including cooking implements, musical instruments, pipes, statues, masks, gongs and an ornately carved xylophone. The road that connects the two museums is the Rue des Artisans, home to sculptors, basket makers, weavers and embroiderers, and one of the best places in Central Africa to buy wood carvings. The table below show the number of tourists arrival in cameroon since 2000. YEAR NUMBER OF TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2000 277000 2001 221000 2002 226000 2003 300000 2004 190000 2005 176000 2006 / 2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010 572.73 Table 1: Number of tourists arrivals in Cameroon per year since 2000 (source: African statistical year book, 2009). THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN CAMEROON The economic impact of the tourism industry is usually assessed at the macroconomic level and can be measured in several different ways. While tourism generates a significant amount of foreign exchange earnings that also contribute to the economic growth of developed countries, such ingredient of growth has not been effectively harnessed in Africa. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2005) estimates, 766 million tourists who traveled world-wide in 2004 generated about $626 billion (excluding transport). During the same year, Africa received nearly 5% of the global arrivals (or 33 million tourists), an increase over the 2000 level (28.2 million) of 18% (Dieke, 2004). Similar increases in receipts were also registered, as reflected by the rise in the regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s market share increase from 4.1% in 2000 to 4.5% in 2005. The contribution of tourism to economic growth and development is reflected in the form of exports since it represents 40 percent of all exports of services, making it one of the largest categories of international trade (UNWTO, 2006). In 20005, the tourism sector accounted for 3 % to 10% of the GDP of developing countries (UNWTO, 2005). Consequently, it is not surprising to imagine that tourism can be a viable export-oriented economic growth strategy for bringing jobs and development to the people and help in the reduction of abject poverty. Despite its increasing importance in African economies, however, tourism has attracted relatively little attention in the empirical literature on economic development. Studies examining cross-country rates of growth and development have largely focused on the contributions of exports from the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, rather than those of the service industry. Even those that explicitly examine the tourism sector in developing nations are primarily concerned with estimating and forecasting tourism demand and income generation via the multiplier process (Sinclair, 1999; Bezmen, 2006). In a recent study of the economic growth performance of Greece, Dritsakis (2004) shows that tourism has a long-run economic growth effect. Using Spainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s economic data, Balaguer and Cantavella-Jorda (2002) confirm the validity of tourism-led growth hypothesis for long-run economic performance. Oh (2005) for Korea, Tosun (1999), and Guduz and Hatemi (2005) for Turkey have also found empirical support for the tourism-led growth hypothesis. Similarly, employing the convergence approach based on Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1992a) type analysis, Proenca and Soukiazis (2005) examine the impact of tourism on the per capita income growth of Portuguese regions and draw the conclusion that tourism can be considered as an alternative solution for enhancing regional growth in Portugal, if the supply characteristics of this sector are improved. While Cunado and Garcia (2006) also find some evidence of conditional convergence toward the African regional average (for Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) and the U.S. (for Cape Verde, Egypt, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Tunisia), the coverage given to the contribution of tourism has been scant. Comparing the relative growth performance of 14 tourism countries within a sample of 143 countries, Brau, Lanza, and Pigliaru (2003) document that tourism countries grow faster than all the other sub-groups (OECD, Oil Exporting, LDC, Small). Many developing countries have thus started to consider tourism as an important and integral part of their economic growth and development strategies as it serves as a source of scarce financial resources, job creation, foreign exchange earnings, and technical assistance (Sinclair, 1998; Dieke, 2004). The spending of international tourists positively impacts the economic growth of African countries. a 10 percent increase in the spending of international tourists leads to a 0.4 percent 13 increase in the GDP per capita income. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), Sub-Saharan Africa offers a considerable potential, not only for seaside tourism, but also for environmental and ecotourism, cultural tourism, sports tourism, and discovery tourism. However, this potential remains largely untapped. In economic impact of Tourism, Daniel J. Stynes gives an adequate illilustration of how tourism impacts an economy. He explains as follows: A simple tourism impact scenario illustrates. Lets say a region attracts an additional 100 tourists, each spending $100 per day. Thats $10,000 in new spending per day in the area. If sustained over a 100 day season, the region would accumulate a million dollars in new sales. The million dollars in spending would be distributed to lodging, restaurant, amusement and retail trade sectors in proportion to how the visitor spends the $100. Perhaps 30% of the million dollars would leak out of the region immediately to cover the costs of goods purchased by tourists that are not made in the local area (only the retail margins for such items should normally be included as direct sales effects). The remaining $700,000 in direct sales might yield $350,000 in income within tourism industries and support 20 direct tourism jobs. Tourism industries are labor and income intensive, translating a high proportion of sales into income and corresponding jobs. The tourism industry, in turn, buys goods and services from other businesses in the area, and pays out most of the $350,000 in income as wages and salaries to its employees. This creates secondary economic effects in the region. The study might use a sales multiplier of 2.0 to indicate that each dollar of direct sales generates another dollar in secondary sales in this region. Through multiplier effects, the $700,000 in direct sales produces $1.4 million in total sales. These secondary sales create additional income and employment, resulting in a total impact on the region of $1.4 million in sales, $650,000 in income and 35 jobs. While hypothetical, the numbers used here are fairly typical of what one might find in a tourism economic impact study. A more complete study might identify which sectors receive the direct and secondary effects and possibly identify differences in spending and impacts of distinct subgroups of tourists (market segments). One can also estimate the tax effects of this spending by applying local tax rates to the appropriate changes in sales or income. Instead of focusing on visitor spending, one could also est